Does Malaysia have a sustainably managed tourist destination that can serve as a global benchmark? An expert shines a light on the national park making us proud.

Prof Dr Vikneswaran Nair has more than 350 publications to his credit. His research specialisation is in Sustainable and Responsible Tourism, Rural Tourism, Ecotourism Management, Environmental Management, Community-based Tourism and Green Tourism. He is currently the President of DISTED College, Penang.

Lessons from Mulu National Park

In tourism, sustainability has transformed from a buzzword to a critical imperative. As destinations worldwide grapple with the challenges of balancing tourist influx, environmental conservation, and socio-economic growth, some have emerged as beacon examples of best practices. Mulu National Park, nestled in the heart of Sarawak, is one such exemplary destination.

Inscribed by UNESCO in 2000 as a World Heritage Site for its outstanding biodiversity and karst features, this park has seamlessly integrated nature conservation, community involvement, and visitor education into its sustainable tourism model.

An aerial view of the Pinnacles at Gunung Mulu National Park. Photo by Prof Dr Vikneswaran.

This assessment delves into the specific indicators that have positioned Mulu National Park as a leading destination in sustainable tourism, focusing on socio-economic upliftment, infrastructure design, and guided exploration. A comprehensive analysis highlights the park’s commendable efforts and the lessons it offers for sustainable tourism worldwide.

Over time, Mulu National Park has carved its niche as a prime illustration of sustainable tourism, setting benchmarks for destinations globally. Ten noteworthy initiatives implemented by the park merit highlighting. These initiatives illuminate the park’s holistic approach to sustainability, balancing ecological preservation with an enriched tourist experience.

1. Rich biodiversity conservation

Mulu National Park is not just about its magnificent caves but also its commitment to preserving biodiversity. The park is home to over 20,000 animal species, 3,500 plant species, and 8,000 fungi types, creating a biological haven that showcases the planet’s rich diversity.

By preserving this biodiversity, the park provides visitors with an authentic, nature-rich experience. Their active involvement in cataloguing, monitoring, and preserving various species showcases a holistic approach to conservation.

The park ensures a thriving ecosystem where both endemic and migratory species can flourish by maintaining natural habitats and minimising human interference. Educational programs focused on biodiversity further instil awareness among visitors.

The daily ‘bat exodus’ from Deer Cave provides an unforgettable encounter with the nature. Photo by Prof. Dr Vikneswaran.

2. Controlled access to natural wonders

Limiting public access to only four of the 27 caves is an intentional decision to balance tourism with conservation. The control allows for routine maintenance and recovery periods for the caves, ensuring they can handle continuous human presence. Moreover, guided tours within these caves are led by trained professionals who share knowledge and emphasise the importance of non-intrusive exploration.

3. Eco-friendly transportation options

The longboat journey from Miri offers more than just a scenic ride; it embodies sustainable travel. Utilising waterways reduces the need for road construction in sensitive areas, preserving natural landscapes. Moreover, these boats often employ local residents, promoting community involvement and ensuring that navigation is respectful of the ecosystem.

4. Empowerment of local communities

The surrounding riverine settlements, populated mainly by the Barawan, Kayan, Penan, and Punans, provide tourists with a rich cultural experience. By integrating local communities into the tourist experience, Mulu National Park helps support local economies, preserve traditional lifestyles, and fosters respect for indigenous cultures.

Tourists are encouraged to engage with locals, purchase handcrafted products, and learn about traditional ways of life. This cultural exchange fosters respect and understanding, ensuring that tourism benefits visitors and residents.

5. Diverse, low-impact activities

From the world’s longest tree-based canopy walk to the challenging Pinnacle Summit Trek, the park offers a range of activities that allow visitors with different interests and fitness levels to engage with nature without causing significant environmental impact. These thoughtfully designed experiences emphasise the beauty and fragility of the natural world, promoting a more profound appreciation among visitors.

6. Responsible wildlife viewing

One of the park’s highlights is the evening bat exodus from the Deer Cave. This natural phenomenon is managed in a way that minimises disturbances to the bats, ensuring that they can continue their nightly routines while providing tourists with a mesmerising spectacle.

Platforms and viewpoints are strategically positioned to prevent close human-wildlife interactions, ensuring the safety and well-being of both. Protocols, like restricting flash photography and ensuring quiet during the bat exodus, emphasise the well-being of the animals, enabling them to exhibit natural behaviours without disturbance.

7. Comprehensive educational initiatives

Education is a cornerstone of Mulu National Park’s sustainable approach. Through guided tours and informative displays, Mulu National Park educates visitors about the importance of conservation, the rich ecosystems they are part of, and the delicate balance that sustains them. Such education fosters a sense of responsibility among tourists, turning them into advocates for sustainable practices.

Interactive sessions, workshops, and informative boards scattered across the park provide insights into conservation efforts, the significance of various species, and the broader impact of human actions on the environment. By fostering a knowledgeable visitor base, the park ensures that tourists leave with a heightened sense of environmental responsibility.

8. Socio-economic upliftment through cultural exchange

Mulu National Park has made notable strides in intertwining tourism with the socio-economic upliftment of local communities. The emphasis on cultural exchange goes beyond mere interaction. Tourists are encouraged to engage with the native communities and learn their customs, stories, and way of life. This exchange offers visitors a richer, more immersive experience.

At the same time, it provides indigenous people with opportunities for economic growth. Local artisans and craftsmen are given platforms to showcase and sell handcrafted products, from intricate beadwork to handwoven textiles.

The platform not only preserves and promotes the rich cultural heritage but also ensures a direct flow of tourism revenue to the community, empowering them financially. Such initiatives ensure that the benefits of tourism are equitably distributed, making the local community active stakeholders in sustainable tourism.

9. Minimal infrastructure footprint through thoughtful design

The infrastructure at Mulu National Park is designed with a conscious effort to reduce its ecological footprint. Elevated walkways, for instance, ensure that visitors can traverse the diverse terrains of the park without damaging the sensitive undergrowth or disturbing the habitats below. These walkways minimise soil erosion, protect smaller flora from trampling, and reduce human-wildlife conflicts.

Clearly marked paths for trekking and exploration are another essential feature. These paths guide visitors along routes deemed safe and less intrusive to the natural environment. By confining foot traffic to designated areas, the park can protect delicate ecosystems and habitats from being inadvertently damaged.

Suspension bridge hanging above a river stream. Photo by Prof. Dr. Vikneswaran.

10. Knowledgeable and non-intrusive exploration with trained guides

A hallmark of sustainable tourism is facilitating a fresh understanding and respect for nature. At Mulu National Park, there is a strong emphasis on providing a meaningful learning experience. Employing local guides ensures visitors receive accurate, insightful information about the park’s unique ecosystems, geology, and cultural significance.

These guides are trained to lead groups in a manner that minimises impact on the environment. They ensure visitors adhere to established paths, avoid littering, and interact non-harmfully with nature. Their deep-rooted knowledge about the park, with stories, legends, and scientific facts, enriches the visitor experience. More importantly, these guides instil in tourists a sense of responsibility and awareness, turning them into advocates for nature conservation long after their visit ends.

Mulu National Park’s dedication to sustainable tourism exemplifies how natural wonders and cultural heritage can be harmoniously preserved while providing visitors with an enriching experience. Its holistic approach, which interweaves ecological preservation, socio-economic growth, and educational initiatives, offers a model for other destinations worldwide.

As the tourism sector grapples with sustainability challenges, Mulu National Park stands out as a destination of breathtaking beauty and as a beacon, illuminating the path forward for responsible and conscientious tourism. Its achievements inspire and remind us that, with thoughtful strategies and community involvement, sustainable tourism is not just possible, it is the way forward.

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Writer: Prof Dr Vikneswaran Nair (DISTED College)